The Human Rights Violations Against the Rohingya Muslims Continue

The 54th Session of the Human Rights Council

11 September – 13 October 2023

Report of the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar:

11th September 2023

By Lené Sophia Strydom / GICJ

Executive Summary

The atrocities in Myanmar against the Rohingya minorities persist, with the Independent Investigative Mechanism actively monitoring and investigating the human rights violations occurring.

The opening interactive dialogue of the 54th  Session of the Human Rights Council (HRC) discussed the report of the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM) on the 11th of September 2023. This was the fifth update report submitted by the IIMM to the HRC pursuant to resolution 39/2 of 27th September 2018. The Head of the Investigative Mechanism set out the continuous violence occurring in Myanmar against the Rohingya Muslims particularly for events that took place between the 1st of July 2022 and the 30th of June 2023. The primary concerns highlighted by the Special Rapporteur included the rising numbers of armed incidents, Myanmar authorities' failure to investigate or punish sexual and gender-based crimes, and the organised spread of hate speech that continues to proliferate on social media platforms such as Facebook. 

The IIMM continues its imperative work across four core areas; [1] collecting, analysing and managing information and evidence, [2] Investigating and facilitating judicial proceedings for crimes against the Rohingya, [3] Investigating post-coup crimes, and lastly, [4] Progress on other activities of the Mechanism such as cooperating with third-party states, witness protection and technology. However, despite the work of the IIMM, there are challenges that persist in ending the violations of human rights and war crimes when access to the country is so limited. A number of States took the floor to express their deep concern for the victims, particularly for the Rohingya muslims, and to call on the international community, international law and all States to seek a peaceful solution and end the ongoing human rights violations in Myanmar.

Geneva International Centre for Justice extends its gratitude to the IIMM for its unwavering commitment to investigating the situation in Myanmar. GICJ condemns all acts of violence and war crimes occurring against the Rohingya Muslim minority and implores the international community, as well as all other States to leverage international human rights law, humanitarian law, and humanitarian aid and access to end the violations in Myanmar and to support the victims of the Rohingya Muslims. Furthermore, GICJ expresses their gratitude to the victims of Rohingya for their testimonials and stands in solidarity with the Rohingya Muslims.

Background

Myanmar grapples with a distressing reality marked by terror, violence, and ethnic cleansing imposed upon its minority populations, particularly the Rohingya, sparking debates in academic and political circles about whether the crimes committed amount to genocide. Similar to the plight of the Tamils in Sri Lanka, the Rohingya, an ethnic minority within Myanmar (formerly Burma under British rule until 1989), have endured ethnocide, culturicide, and genocide orchestrated by Myanmar's military since 2016. International responses fell short in alleviating the suffering of the victims until 2022 when the United States, after an extensive investigation into the ethnic cleansing, finally spoke out against the atrocities, calling for an end to the genocide. This occurred just a year ago, underscoring the long-standing failure of the international community to intervene effectively, echoing the tragic atrocities of the Rwandan genocide.

Myanmar, in the aftermath of British rule, has been marred by political and ethnic turmoil, ranging from civil wars to genocides. The plight of the Rohingyas, who have endured almost seven decades of statelessness in their own country, continue to witness the dismantling of their economic livelihood and facing restrictions on marriage and childbearing. Signs of genocide are evident, but the world has chosen to turn a blind eye.

Faced with continued acts of culturicide or ethnocide, the Rohingya formed the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) as a means of self-defence against the Myanmar government and the Tatmadaw, Myanmar's armed forces. The genesis of the Rohingya genocide bears striking similarities to the Tamil genocide in Sri Lanka, with ARSA's attack on uniformed militaries on August 25, 2017, aiming to acquire weaponry. The military responded with a massively disproportionate retaliation, involving mass murder, torture, gangrape, and the destruction of entire villages.

Despite the intentional nature of these acts, the world dismissed them, allowing the violence to persist. By December 2017, over 688,000 Rohingyas had fled Myanmar to neighboring countries, leaving behind 392 villages reduced to ashes and an estimated death toll of 10,000 just four months after the onset of the genocide. By August 2018, a year into the genocide, 723,000 had fled, with an average of 1,733 Rohingyas escaping to Bangladesh each month. The exodus stands as a stark testament to the urgency of addressing the Rohingya crisis and the broader issue of genocide, demanding a concerted international effort to end the suffering and ensure justice for the victims.

IIMM Report

The Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM or Mechanism) is dedicated to securing justice for victims of severe international crimes in Myanmar and bringing those responsible to account. Established under the auspices of the UN Human Rights Council in 2018, the Mechanism is tasked with probing serious international crimes that have occurred in Myanmar since 2011.

Its operational framework involves the collection, preservation, and analysis of evidence, with the ultimate goal of assembling comprehensive case files. These case files are then shared with pertinent national, regional, or international courts and tribunals. These legal entities can utilise the provided information to initiate legal proceedings against individuals allegedly responsible for the commission of such crimes. The Mechanism, therefore, plays a critical role in facilitating the pursuit of justice by ensuring that evidence is systematically compiled and made available to legal authorities capable of prosecuting perpetrators.

In his address to the General Assembly, Marzuki Darusman, the head of the UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, delivered a stark assessment, asserting that Myanmar is falling short of its obligations under the Genocide Convention. Darusman highlighted Myanmar's failure to prevent, investigate, and enact effective legislation criminalising and punishing genocide. These observations were grounded in the Mission's findings, which underscored the persistence of the policies, laws, individuals, and institutions responsible for the brutal "clearance operations" in 2016 and 2017.

Darusman further elaborated on the ongoing commission of crimes under international law by Myanmar's military, known as the Tatmadaw, impacting ethnic communities across the country. The statement emphasised the continuing persecution of the Rohingya community, whose plight has worsened amid discrimination, segregation, movement restrictions, and pervasive insecurity. Notably, the situation of the approximately 600,000 Rohingya remaining in Rakhine State has deteriorated significantly. Darusman pointed out that their circumstances include limited access to livelihoods, land, basic services such as education and health care, and an absence of justice for past crimes committed against them by the Tatmadaw.

A crucial aspect of Darusman's address was the assertion that the return of nearly one million Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh to Rakhine State is practically unattainable. He stressed that Myanmar has failed in its obligation to protect its people, making it imperative for the Human Rights Council, the General Assembly, and the Security Council to take decisive action to halt ongoing violations and prevent their recurrence.

In urging Member States to prioritise key actions, Darusman first called for the continuation of public reporting mandates, including independent monitoring of the implementation of all the Fact-Finding Mission's recommendations. Second, he underscored the need for Member States to persist in pursuing accountability, given what he termed a clear "accountability deficit" on the part of the Myanmar Government. He encouraged the mandate of alternative accountability Mechanisms if necessary. Finally, Darusman reiterated the Mission's past calls for financial and political disengagement from Myanmar's military, suggesting that the General Assembly consider endorsing disengagement. He also recommended targeted sanctions and an arms embargo by the Security Council as essential measures.

Darusman's concluding remarks emphasised that the human rights catastrophe in Myanmar persists, and he called on the international community to uphold its commitment to accountability and justice for the hundreds of thousands of victims who rightly expect no less. The Fact-Finding Mission was initiated by the Human Rights Council in 2017 to investigate human rights violations in Myanmar, particularly in Rakhine State. The mission is chaired by Marzuki Darusman, with Radhika Coomaraswamy, Christopher Sidoti and Nicholas Koumajian serving as members.

Interactive dialogue

Nicholas Koumjian, head of the Independent investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM) presented the fifth annual report of the IIMM. He reported an increase in serious international crimes, including war crimes and crimes against humanity, with heightened frequency and intensity. The crimes involved aerial bombings, shelling, executions, intentional burnings of homes, and arrests without due process. The focus remains on collecting evidence of the campaign against the Rohingya population during the 2016 and 2017 clearance operations. Limited resources have led to a strategic focus on the gravest crimes. Despite challenges in accessing Myanmar and other countries, the Mechanism employs innovative technology to conduct investigations, including a dedicated inquiry into financial information related to entities involved in the crimes. The ultimate goal is to facilitate justice and accountability in courts and tribunals. Information and evidence are being shared with ongoing proceedings at the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court, and courts in Argentina. Mr Koumjian expresses gratitude to survivors for their testimonies and emphasises the importance of support from the international community to end the violence in Myanmar.

The delegate of Finland, on behalf of the Nordic Baltic Countries, expressed their condolences for the earthquake in Morocco and affirmed their support for the work of the Independent Investigative Mechanism (IMM). They appreciate the increased cooperation with civil society and initiatives for the well-being of witnesses and staff. The statement highlights the importance of financial investigations related to issues impacting victim communities. The report details severe crimes in Myanmar, including sexual and gender-based violence, torture, extrajudicial killings, and crimes against children. The countries strongly condemn these violations, calling for an immediate end to attacks on civilians. They emphasise their commitment to supporting survivors and witnesses, advocating for accountability. The statement urges Myanmar to fully cooperate with the IMM, respect human rights, uphold the rule of law, and implement necessary measures.

The delegate of the European Union expressed gratitude for the Dublin-heads' annual report, strongly supports their mandate, and condemns the military coup in Myanmar. They are alarmed by the increasing incidents resembling international crimes committed by the Myanmar military, highlighting disproportionate bombings of civilians, murders of detained civilians, and mass executions. The report outlines the organised command structure involved in deliberately planning and executing international crimes, including sexual and gender-based violence. The EU acknowledges the contribution of this work to accountability efforts and calls on the Myanmar armed forces to cease violence against civilians. They emphasise the need for a safe Rohingya return, unhindered humanitarian aid, a death penalty moratorium, release of political detainees, and protection of citizens' rights, including freedom of expression and assembly. The EU seeks insights on how civil society dialogues have contributed to the Dublin heads' work.

The delegate of Pakistan on behalf of the organisation of islamic cooperation expressed condolences to Morocco for lives lost due to recent events. Emphasising the importance of the Mechanism in collecting evidence of serious violations in Myanmar since 2011, they urge the identification of all perpetrators. The OSCE calls for continued cooperation with judicial forums, including the International Impartial and Independent Mechanism (INN). They appreciate host countries' support and regret Myanmar's lack of cooperation. The OSCE encourages the Mechanism to enhance capacities through innovative technologies and calls on OHCHR to provide ongoing support for effective mandate pursuit.

The delegate of Liechtenstein acknowledged the report on Myanmar, emphasising the tragic ongoing situation with numerous human rights violations, including war crimes like indiscriminate targeting of civilians and intentional killing. The only hope mentioned is the work of the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, which plays a crucial role in collecting evidence for ongoing court cases, especially those concerning Rohingya Muslims. The speaker expresses full support for WIPO DOM and encourages states to assist the Mechanism in overcoming outlined challenges.

The delegate of Egypt expressed solidarity with Morocco and offers condolences to the families affected by an earthquake. The speaker, assigned to collect data on international crimes, condemns violence against the Rohingya minority, particularly in Myanmar, and urges Myanmar to take necessary steps for the minority's protection and a lasting solution. The speaker calls for ongoing regional and international efforts, cooperation with the OSCE, and appreciates Bangladesh's role, urging support from the international community for their efforts.

The delegate of Luxemburg expressed condolences and solidarity with the Government of Morocco. Luxembourg commends the work of Mr. Kumjan and the team from the IMM for their crucial role in documentation and data management related to war crimes and crimes against humanity in Myanmar. The speaker emphasises the challenges faced by the Mechanism in gathering evidence without direct access to the territory and calls on Myanmar to cease violence, release political prisoners, and allow humanitarian aid. Luxembourg urges collaboration from other countries to support the Mechanism and inquires about how to enhance technological support for data processing and management to ensure the safety of operations. The speaker also asks about additional forms of support needed, such as legal assistance.

The delegate of Costa Rica expressed gratitude to the Mechanism for its challenging work and acknowledges the difficult conditions faced by both members and witnesses. The country voices concern over human rights in Myanmar, emphasising the plight of minorities, women, and persons with disabilities. Costa Rica criticises the military regime's lack of interest in addressing human rights violations and stands in solidarity with the victims, advocating for international community prioritisation in combating impunity. The speaker highlights the importance of protecting gathered evidence for potential use in legal proceedings and seeks guidance on actions to support investigation efforts. The statement concludes with condolences to the government and people of Morocco.

The delegate of Belgium expressed deep concern for the plight of the population in Myanmar, facing violence, conflicts, and crises. They commend the report for highlighting numerous international crimes and stress the importance of addressing sexual and gender-based crimes, as well as violations of child rights. Belgium appreciates collaboration with the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the International Criminal Court (ICC), and national courts, emphasising universal jurisdiction. The speaker acknowledges efforts in engaging with civil society and seeks guidance on how the international community can provide further support for this collaboration, underscoring the essential role of civil society in seeking justice and preventing violence in Myanmar.

The delegate of the Netherlands began by offering condolences for the earthquake victims in Morocco. The Kingdom of the Netherlands aligns itself with the EU statement and expresses gratitude to the IIMM for its crucial work in supporting accountability efforts. The Netherlands shares concerns about intensified armed conflicts and increased evidence of serious international crimes in Myanmar. The speaker emphasises the importance of holding perpetrators accountable, especially for human rights violations, and advocates for accountability as part of the solution for Myanmar. The speaker highlights the contribution of sharing evidence with institutions like the ICC, the Attorney General's office in Argentina, and the ICJ. The speaker concludes by asking about actions the international community can take to further support the IMM's work in ensuring accountability based on its findings.

The delegate of France expressed gratitude for the fifth report from the Mechanism, acknowledging progress in compliance with recommendations. The statement calls for cooperation with the inquiry Mechanism, unhindered access to the territory, and support for victims and civil society. France condemns the military coup in Myanmar and human rights violations by security forces, urging an end to violence, respect for international humanitarian law, and humanitarian access. The statement emphasises the release of detainees and condemns the agenda against Rohingya. France seeks information on how the inquiry mechanism can enhance cooperation with various jurisdictions to combat impunity and provide remedies for victims.

The delegate of the United States expressed gratitude for the IIMM challenging work and highlights a significant increase in war crimes and crimes against humanity in Myanmar. The statement condemns these acts as unacceptable and emphasises the Myanmar authorities' refusal to cooperate as a hindrance to justice. The U.S. calls on all Member States, including Myanmar and its neighbours, to cooperate with and grant access to the IIMM. The speaker applauds civil society members and witnesses who bravely defend human rights in Myanmar, acknowledging the risks they face. Considering ongoing military atrocities, the U.S. underscores the importance of the WIWM in promoting accountability and justice. The statement concludes by seeking information on actions the international community can take to enhance protections for witnesses, particularly those at risk.

The delegate of Japan expressed solidarity and offers condolences for the earthquake in Morocco. The statement voices strong concern about the ongoing violence in Myanmar and emphasises the need for all stakeholders to refrain from violence and work towards a peaceful solution. Despite international calls for restraint, Japan urges Myanmar to take concrete actions, including an immediate cessation of violence, release of detainees, and the restoration of the democratic political system. Japan pledges support for ASEAN's efforts in Myanmar and emphasises continued monitoring of human rights and humanitarian situations, calling for respect for the will of the people. The statement concludes with gratitude.

The delegate of Switzerland expressed solidarity with Morocco after the earthquake and thanks the Mechanism for its report on international crimes in Myanmar. Switzerland emphasises the importance of the Mechanism's work in gathering evidence and facilitating criminal proceedings amid the crisis in Myanmar. The statement calls for accountability for perpetrators, particularly those targeting the Rohingya, and stresses the need for credible and impartial investigations. Switzerland encourages all parties to cooperate with international mechanisms and seek political solutions to the multidimensional crisis. The speaker urges Myanmar's military authorities to implement Security Council Resolution 2669 swiftly, emphasising the impact of the crisis on the civilian population. Switzerland expresses its honour in supporting the Mechanism and seeks information on additional support required for its progress.

The delegate of Türkiye expressed ongoing concern about the deteriorating security and humanitarian situation in Myanmar, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as the Rohingya community. The speaker refers to the latest IIMM report, which highlights continued widespread and systematic violations against the Rohingya. Turkey calls on the international community to hold those responsible for these violations accountable. On the sixth anniversary of the Rohingya crisis, Turkey emphasises the need for increased humanitarian assistance to Rohingya refugees. The statement outlines Turkey's involvement in various humanitarian activities, including a field hospital in Cox's Bazar, providing essential health services and engaging in relief efforts since 2018. Turkey has been working with the international community to facilitate the voluntary, safe, and dignified return of displaced communities to their homes.

The delegate of Malta extended its condolences to Morocco for the recent earthquake and aligns itself with the European Union's statement. The country thanks the IIMM for its report and dedicated efforts to uncover evidence and ensure accountability for human rights violations in Myanmar. Malta expresses deep concern over ongoing reports of gross human rights abuses, particularly against the Rohingya and other minority communities, urging Myanmar's government to fully cooperate with the Mechanism and allow unhindered access for investigations. Malta emphasises the importance of creating a safe and dignified environment for the voluntary return of displaced persons, following international standards. Malta reaffirms its commitment to supporting initiatives that pursue justice, accountability, and reconciliation in Myanmar, emphasising the need for perpetrators to face justice and preventive measures to avoid recurrence. The statement calls for unity in the international community against human rights violations, sending a clear message that justice will prevail.

The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund welcomed the report from the independent investigative Mechanism, acknowledging the challenging environment in Myanmar. The organisation emphasises the impact on children, with verified grave human rights violations on the rise. UNICEF appreciates the Mechanism's focus on investigating sexual and gender-based crimes and crimes against children. The constraints on access and service delivery have devastating effects on children and families, as schools and health facilities remain under attack. The presence of landmines and explosive remnants poses a significant threat, with reported casualties, including a notable percentage of children. UNICEF urges all conflict parties to adhere to international humanitarian and human rights laws, cease grave violations, ensure humanitarian access, and take measures to prevent violence against children. The organisation expresses readiness to support.

The Chinese delegation expressed condolences for the earthquake in Morocco and regrets Myanmar's absence in the interactive dialogue. China advocates for cooperation in addressing human rights issues without politicisation and public pressure, emphasising that discussions at the Human Rights Council should contribute to stability and development in Myanmar. The delegation highlights the complexity of Myanmar's situation, emphasising the importance of respecting sovereign equality and noninterference in internal affairs to avoid escalating problems. China urges the international community to prioritise the interests of the Myanmar people, play a constructive role in de-escalating the situation, and supports Myanmar-Bangladesh consultations on the Rohingya issue, offering assistance within its capacity for repatriation efforts.

The delegate of Russia emphasised the importance of international efforts to assist Myanmar, particularly in humanitarian and human rights aspects, as a supportive role. They call for constructive efforts by political forces within Myanmar to normalise the situation, urging restraint to avoid violence escalation. The unilateral ceasefire introduced by Myanmar authorities and the amnesty for individuals involved in unauthorised protests are seen as important steps towards national reconciliation. The speaker criticises the armed resistance by the so-called government of national unity, emphasising its detrimental impact on public life and socioeconomic conditions. They do not support the use of international forums, particularly the Human Rights Council (HRC), to politicise Myanmar's human rights situation, believing it undermines constructive assistance efforts.

The delegate of South Africa expressed appreciation for the Independent Investigative Mechanism's report on Myanmar, acknowledging its progress in monitoring and investigating the deteriorating human rights situation. The country commends the Mechanism for prioritising the collection of information on sexual and gender-based crimes, noting the disturbingly high levels of cruelty. South Africa supports the Mechanism's findings, indicating a significant increase in war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Myanmar military. The speaker applauds the bravery of individuals who share information and highlights the recent civil society dialog hosted by the Mechanism. On the 16th anniversary of the Rohingya crisis, South Africa calls on all Member States to cooperate with the Mechanism in seeking accountability and justice, standing in solidarity with the people of Myanmar. The statement concludes with gratitude.

The delegate of Bangladesh welcomed the report from the Independent Investigative Mechanism on Myanmar, acknowledging its ongoing work in collecting evidence of crimes, particularly against the Rohingya. The country expressed commitment to cooperation with the Mechanism and highlighted successful missions to Bangladesh. Bangladesh urges Myanmar's full cooperation with the Mechanism for accountability, emphasising its importance for Rohingya refugees to confidently return. The statement calls on all relevant Member States and entities to assist the Mechanism in realising its mandate. Bangladesh emphasises the significance of restorative justice, truth-seeking, and reconciliation for the Rohingya, with a focus on creating a supportive atmosphere in Rakhine. The statement concludes with heartfelt condolences to Morocco and gratitude.

The delegate of the United Kingdom expressed gratitude for the Mechanism's work in facilitating justice and accountability in Myanmar, emphasising the alarming scale of the military's brutal tactics reported in its latest findings. The UK underscores the importance of accountability to end the culture of impunity in Myanmar and commits to supporting this goal, contributing half a million to the Mechanism and leading efforts for the first UN Security Council resolution on the situation in Myanmar. The statement urges all parties to respect human rights, contribute evidence, and highlights the Mechanism's reliance on the cooperation of UN and international partners. The speaker concludes by seeking information on what more Member States can do to facilitate the Mechanism's collection of evidence and witness statements.

Organisations:

The international response to the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar report reflects a mix of commendation and concern. While acknowledging IIMM's commendable work in challenging conditions and progress in announcing accountability, there are specific concerns about the vulnerable LGBT communities, urging improved engagement and survivor-centred approaches. The importance of analytical studies in situations involving human rights violations is stressed, aiming to enhance understanding and responses to atrocities. Grave concerns about Myanmar military's extreme violence prompt urgent calls for a global arms embargo and increased funding for life-saving assistance. Member states seek insights into the Myanmar government's stance on human rights, emphasising the need for international support in Myanmar's recovery. Condemnation of ongoing atrocity crimes prompts a strong call for a robust international response. Support for IIMM's mandate and disappointment in states facilitating military atrocities are expressed, with a call for increased support for on-the-ground organisations facilitating IIMM's work. Concerns about limited access to Myanmar's neighbouring states highlight the need for protection of refugees and access to border regions. In summary, the responses underscore the urgency for international collaboration, protection of vulnerable groups, and a steadfast commitment to accountability in addressing Myanmar's ongoing human rights crisis.

Concluding remarks

The speaker expressed gratitude for questions related to the Mechanism's relationship with civil society organisations and emphasised the vital role these organisations play in initiating investigations. Acknowledging frustration regarding information confidentiality, the speaker highlighted the necessity of maintaining confidentiality for criminal investigations.

The dialogue with civil society this year is recognised as beneficial, contributing to a better understanding of the Mechanism's scope and limitations. Several states express support for the Mechanism's efforts, with questions arising on what more can be done. The speaker outlines key needs, including state cooperation for evidence collection, witness protection, and access to territories.

The challenges faced by the Mechanism include the need for resources, particularly for analysing millions of items of evidence in the Burmese language. The success in evidence collection leads to a requirement for more staff proficient in the language. The importance of technology, such as open-source units, is highlighted, and support from states in obtaining the latest and secure technologies is sought.

The Mechanism's role in contributing to the ASEAN 5-point plan was discussed, particularly in promoting the first point, ending violence. The speaker acknowledged the increasing violence and emphasises the deterrent effect of collecting evidence, sending a message to perpetrators about potential consequences.

In response to a question about countering hate speech, the speaker mentioned the analysis of organised hate speech against the Rohingya undertaken by the Mechanism. Collecting evidence of hate speech can serve as a deterrent and contribute to counteracting such behaviour.

The verification process involves collecting all information and engaging directly with those who have the information. Civil society organisations play a crucial role in providing information, initiating the verification process, and contributing to the collection of reliable evidence for accountability.

Geneva International Centre for Justice Position

Geneva International Centre for Justice (GICJ) extends its heartfelt gratitude to the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM) for its steadfast and unwavering commitment to meticulously investigating the dire situation unfolding in Myanmar. In the face of complex challenges, the IIMM's dedication to seeking the truth and holding perpetrators accountable is commendable, reflecting a crucial step towards justice and accountability.

GICJ unequivocally condemns all acts of violence and war crimes perpetrated against the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar. The distressing reports of human rights abuses demand urgent attention and collective action from the international community. As an organisation committed to the principles of justice and human rights, GICJ implores not only the international community but also all States to actively leverage international human rights law, humanitarian law, and humanitarian aid and access. It is imperative to bring an end to the ongoing violations in Myanmar and to provide comprehensive support to the victims, particularly the Rohingya Muslims who have endured immense suffering.

In advocating for justice and accountability, GICJ urges all nations to collaborate in ensuring that those responsible for heinous acts are held accountable under the framework of international law. The organisation recognises the importance of international cooperation and emphasises the significance of upholding human rights as a fundamental pillar of a just and equitable global society.

Expressing deep gratitude to the victims of the Rohingya for their courage in sharing their testimonials, GICJ stands in unwavering solidarity with the Rohingya Muslims. The resilience and strength displayed by the Rohingya community in the face of adversity serve as a powerful reminder of the collective responsibility to protect human rights and promote peace. GICJ pledges to continue its advocacy efforts to amplify the voices of the oppressed and marginalised, working towards a world where justice prevails, and human dignity is upheld for all.